An Analysis of Rip Van Winkle Using Psychoanalytic and Archetypal Criticism Essays

An Analysis of Rip Van Winkle Using Psychoanalytic and Archetypal Criticism Essays An Analysis of Rip Van Winkle Using Psychoanalytic and Archetypal Criticism Paper An Analysis of Rip Van Winkle Using Psychoanalytic and Archetypal Criticism Paper Paper Topic: Writing Tear Van Winkle When perusing â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† by Washington Irving just because, one would get the feeling that something terrible and cumbersome will undoubtedly happen to individuals who are constrained by their emotions and interest. As it were, this short story represents the improvement of a youthful country and its change to a free and majority rule nation. Be that as it may, in it, there are sure individuals who don’t pay heed to the political and recorded changes, and subsequently, they don't fit into the new framework, leaving the impression of being odd and old. Tear Van Winkle is one of those individuals, and in the event that we read the story from psychoanalytic and original perspectives, we will see that he was really glad to have been sleeping for a long time. â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† responds to certain inquiries, for example, the one mulling over Winkle’s nonappearance from home for 2 decades. One of the appropriate responses proposes that a man, who just thinks about himself, would in the end wind up losing his significant other and family. Another answer recommends that in the event that somebody dozes or beverages for a long time, the person is definitely not a horrible individual, as long as the town is his/her companion. Be that as it may, this story may likewise identify with a soldier’s battle to conform to society, after his arrival from war. We know almost no of both Winkle’s personal life and his shrouded wants. Be that as it may, with the assistance of Freuds idea of id as the â€Å"home† of the unreasonable, instinctual and the obscure, we can decipher Rip Van Winkles appearance openly. We realize that he’s cherished by the entire town, and that he’s upbeat in making every other person around him glad. It is sheltered to state that he’s well known, a model resident. Yet, this isn't the situation in his home and with his family, since he doesn’t care about them, as found in section 8:â€Å"Rip was prepared to take care of anybody’s business yet his own; yet as to carrying out family responsibility, and maintaining his homestead in control, it was unimaginable. † He doesn’t work, nor go to his family. Sluggishness is viewed as a transgression, yet Winkle doesn’t have a feeling of remorse about it or the deserting of his family, and he â€Å"blames† his significant other for the manner in which he is. Along these lines, the difference of his open and private life is by all accounts equivalent to the complexity between his motivations and the obligation he has as a dad/spouse. Any peruser would infer that either Rip doesn’t love his better half or he is a youthful man, unequipped for taking care of his marriage. Winkles mind controls the consistent and judicious, and his sense of self is presumably the motivation behind why he doesn’t separation or mischief his significant other, or even himself. It is additionally the explanation behind his great remaining with different residents, as it discloses to him that they would reimburse him in time. They truly reimburse him, and Winkle is saved from complete obscurity when he gets back following 20 years, as found in passage 56: â€Å"an elderly person, tottering out from among the group, put her hand to her forehead, and peering under it in his face for a second, shouted, sufficiently sure! it is Rip Van Winkle-it is himself. Welcome home once more, old neighbor. - Why, where have you been these twenty long years? † The last test that anticipates Winkle is his endeavor to be totally acknowledged in the general public once more. We, as perusers, can't be sure whether he really dozed for a long time, yet we are not given some other decision. Winkle attempts to make up for himself from his past sins by turning into a perceived legend. In any case, Winkle’s superego proposes that his vanishing is improper. But then, he gets another opportunity in the wake of returning from the Catskill Mountains. With no exertion, he turns into a regarded man; his long nonappearance legitimizes his political numbness, and he even turns into an image of the town. We understand that his 20-year rest has just cost him his significant other. Possibly that’s what he generally needed: to carry on with a joyful life, without working, dealing with youngsters, or having a close connection with an individual he never truly adored. Be that as it may, this longing is never uncovered and we just consider him to be somebody who follows the standards set by society. Since separate isn't a choice at that point, it is best for Winkle to just vanish. He could have likewise gotten cantankerous and withdrawn, yet that just isn’t his style. The story doesn’t have enough components for us to apply Freuds Oedipus complex, however there are some intriguing realities, similar to the one that Winkle â€Å"kills† his life while living with his family. Likewise, Dame Van Winkle is depicted progressively like a mother, than a spouse: â€Å"whenever her name was referenced, notwithstanding, he shook his head, shrugged his shoulders, and cast up his eyes; which may pass either for a declaration of renunciation to his destiny, or euphoria at his deliverance† (section 61). From this, we can accept that Winkle presumably despised her. He even reflects about the recently discovered opportunity from his better half (the other opportunity being the opportunity from the old society) in passage 61: â€Å"he had got his neck out of the burden of marriage, and could go in and out at whatever point he satisfied, without fearing the oppression of Dame Van Winkle. Toward the finish of the story, the old Winkle is dead, and we have another, customary resident of another country. However, so as to arrive at this freedom, he needed to remove himself from his family, and vanish into the mountains. He goes there with the reason of going squirre l chasing, yet winds up nodding off: â€Å"one taste incited another, and he repeated his visits to the cup so regularly, that finally his faculties were overwhelmed, his eyes swam in his mind, his head progressively declined, and he fell into a profound sleep† (section 24). As an end, Winkle’s vanishing was the best thing that could transpire. While the individuals of the Dutch people group needed to battle a war, Winkle was resting, and woke up just to observe a totally new life, with another sort of government and with no family or private obligations. He didn’t endure any genuine outcomes, with just his physical appearance being a minor issue. As such, he found an ideal, but straightforward answer for his â€Å"lifelong† issue. Model analysis may likewise help us in dissecting this short story. An image which shows up all through the story is the tree. In more than one event, Winkle visits a gathering sitting under â€Å"the shade of an enormous tree. So as to escape from his significant other, he would regularly go to the backwoods, and â€Å"here he would once in a while seat himself at the foot of a tree† (passage 16). He likewise nods off there. As indicated by Wilfred Guerin, the tree is an image of interminability and recovery (Guerin 152). That’s presumably the motivation behind why W inkle returns home following 2 many years of inertness in Nature and isn't harmed by Nature’s components. The tree where Winkle invests energy may likewise be associated with the tree of life, which keeps individuals alive regardless of whether they couldn't care less for their families or relationships. Woman Van Winkle takes after a horrendous mother in her husband’s eyes. Having this as a top priority, we can say that she speaks to both sex and passing: her significant other fears her and the dread leads him to castration. Thus, we see that Winkle isn't keen on his significant other as a lady, and sees her more as a beast, a witch. Nonetheless, if she’s distraught at him for his sluggishness and refusal to get a genuine line of work, she would be a portrayal of the Earth, its ripeness and wealth (a decent mother). In any case, as a general rule, other than securing her kids, she startles Winkle and continually incites him, so we can think about her as being acceptable and terrible simultaneously (Guerin 151). Toward the finish of the story, we see that Winkle turns into a good elderly person, or an image of astuteness and information. As indicated by Jungian prime examples, he tests the ethical characteristics of others. In any case, not every person considers him to be a shrewd man, which is obviously uncovered in passage 57: â€Å"some supposedly winked at one another, and put their tongues in their cheeks; and the pompous man in the positioned cap, who, when the alert was finished, had come back to the field, screwed down the edges of his mouth, and shook his head-whereupon there was a general shaking of the head all through the collection. Along these lines, we have a circumstance where Winkle doesn’t end up left out by his locale, yet there are doubts over the validity of his story. Hence, he intently follows the example of a legend, and is a sort of a conciliatory substitute. One of the most significant images in the story is the introduction of another country, something wh ich was totally new for those of European beginning. Again we have Winkle as a substitute, since he speaks to all the old European conventions that must be smothered all together for the new country to develop. Everyone must work to shape and bolster the new government and keep the country’s autonomy. The old perspectives and living are a distant memory. While Old Europe was in a profound sleep, its provinces woke up, individually. The gathering of pseudo-rationalists, shaped by Winkle and his companions, speaks to the Old World and its â€Å"process† of sitting idle, while the states develop increasingly free. As a result of it, the change of Old Europe was something inescapable, and it changes, much like Rip Van Winkle. In this story, we can likewise attempt to recognize Northrop Frye’s four mythos. At the outset we have a sentimental (summer) stage, as Winkle is cherished by all the locals. What follows is the counter sentimental, sarcastic and unexpected stage (winter), when we find that Winkle is miles from being

Journey To Pakistan

Excursion To Pakistan December fourteenth, 2007, the hotly anticipated day showed up; we were good to go to stack our gear and set off for the JFK air terminal. Our seats were set up for Emirates Airlines, flight number 606 on a Boeing 777-300 which was a tremendous bellied airplane eating up almost500 travelers, which is a Middle Eastern carrier. The group was a blend of Arabic and English talking individuals. The flight took off on schedule, and we were flying in the sky towards our goal, Pakistan, which is my folks home country.We had been told by umpteen individuals and the press that our vacation would be risky, as there were political issues in each city of Pakistan. That made it all the additionally energizing and audacious to be to be responding to the call. Our flight was planned to fly Via Dubai. After a short-term excursion of eighteen hours, we arrived at the center of the Emirates Airlines.grandparentsThe air terminal parlors wore a bubbly search for visitors from everywhere throughout the wo rld. A Christmas bazaar scene introduced itself to us as we walked around to kill time, as it was to be a two hour sit tight before loading up for the last leg of our excursion. Our fervor developed as we got a couple of things, as presents for our grandparents, who had been hoping to see us after a long hold up of a year and a half.December fifteenth, 2007 we arrived on a reasonable radiant day at 1:00 P.M. at the Quaide Azam International Airport, Karachi, named after the organizer of the country. Itâ‚s a recently assembled cutting edge structure, with four satellite stations with chutes, very dissimilar to its encompassing structures. We were sped through traditions, however it took a horrifying two hours for the transport lines to hack up our stuff.

Cheap Labour for Your Benefits Essay Topics

Cheap Labour for Your Benefits Essay TopicsAs a student, it can be very difficult to find cheap labour or benefits essay topics. A lot of students would find it impossible to pay thousands of dollars for the essay topics they require. However, it is possible to find great essay topics at very affordable rates.An idea that you might want to consider when looking for cheap labour for your essay topics would be looking for freelance writers in your area who specialize in writing about your need for the topic. This way, you can be assured that they have already read through your needs and will be able to come up with excellent essay topics which are priced very reasonably for you.It's also a good idea to look for article writers who are experienced in writing about your subject. This way, when they are finishing up their work, you can ask them to go over your work before they publish it for you so that you can make sure that your essay topics are as high quality as possible.The last thin g that you might want to consider is using an advertising company which provides their services at very small fees. By advertising your essay topics with these companies, you can be sure that your essay topics will be reviewed by experts and will have a lot of attention from readers. This way, you can be sure that your essay topics will be well researched and written, which will help your essay become more effective.What you should do is to get in touch with these companies and inquire about the possibility of using their services to find cheap labour for your benefit essay topics. You should also ask if they can help you by explaining to them what you need them to include in your paper and what they think the audience would like to read.Remember that whatever services you require, it's important that you make sure that you have all the information you need before contacting them. They should also be able to explain how the whole process works, which means that you should make sure that you read as much as you can about it before actually sending them the details.To summarize, finding cheap labour for your benefit essay topics can be tricky but it is still possible to find excellent essay topics which are priced very reasonably for you. You just need to make sure that you first have your essay topics reviewed by professionals and that you make sure that you have all the information that you need before contacting them.In conclusion, finding cheap labour for your benefits essay topics will not be a problem if you know how to shop around. Just ensure that you make sure that you have all the details available before contacting them.

Mental Accounting And Its Effect On Consumer Decision Making

Consumers’ choices can fall prey to discrepancies that can arise in cognitive accounting but by learning when and how one falls prey to these, they can improve their decision-making process. Mental accounting affects a consumer’s decision making because it allows consumers to account for their monetary funds in different ways. The mental accounting principle is â€Å"the set of cognitive operations used by individuals to code, categorize and evaluate financial activities† (Thaler, 2008). This can occur when a consumer divides their funds into sections such current income, current wealth, or future income (Argosy University, 2015). Reason is the basis of the standard economic theory, while the mental accounting principle forms its foundation on a combination of perceived value, the way gains and losses are coded, and reference outcomes (Thaler, 2008). The mental accounting principle can affect consumer decision-making in multiple ways. One of the most common ways is through segregate gains and integrate losses. The basic principle of segregate gains is an item that is more desirable due to multiple options or included extras will influence the customer’s purchase (Thaler, 2008). On the other hand, integrate loss is when a consumer would prefer to combine their loss instead of multiples (Thaler, 2008). Another aspect that can affect consumer decision-making is the Transaction Utility Theory where a customer determines the perceived value of getting a good value or â€Å"deal†Show MoreRelatedAbstract for Choices, Values, and Frame1319 Words   |  6 PagesAmeriacn Psychologist, 39 (4) Abstract This article discuss when consumers feel a certain price which is bringing the loss rather than the income, they are more sensitive to price. Consumers are feeling a certain price more cost-effective manner and the other a less cost-effective. They will accord the cognitive psychological evaluation to exhibit a completely different personal attitude and decision making. Economic decision making theory has always been that people are fundamentally rational animalRead MoreCost Allocation Decisions Are Important1723 Words   |  7 PagesCost allocation decisions are important. There are several ways to support allocation method decisions by documenting the activity that caused the costs to be incurred, identifying the benefits received as a result of incurring the cost, Justifying that the cost is reasonable or fair with the other party in a contract, and showing that the cost object has the ability to bear the cost. Some of the different allocation methods are joint costs, sunk costs, and opportunity costs. For example, a companyRead MoreHow Does Lovallo And Kahneman s Inside View?1650 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom the â€Å"outside view†? Contrast the entrepreneur and venture capitalist. How can a firm or organization maximize the extent to which its managers take the outside view in their decisions? Individuals and organizations are often influenced by the â€Å"inside view† when making decisions. Excessive optimism leads decision makers to budget, plan for, and forecast outcomes of important projects based on their specific views of the unique project at hand. They often feel that they are most aware of allRead MoreThe Effects Of Ageism On The Delivery Of Nursing Care For The Older Person1736 Words   |  7 PagesAgeism, also known as ageist, is accompanied by a lot of false accusations and assumptions about the elderly population. Ageist assumptions that can be held by some health care practitioners include that the elderly often have untreatable medical and mental issues, senility is a natural process of aging, elderly people are asexual and that the elderly are preoccupied with death (Snellman, 2016). These attitudes aid as a barrier to establishing and maintaining effective, therapeutic relationships withRead MoreEffects Of Teen Drug Abuse. Many Teenagers Across T he Country898 Words   |  4 Pages Effects Of Teen Drug Abuse Many teenagers across the country experiment with drugs. While most of them only do it once or twice, other teenagers or young adults create lifelong addictions. There are many reasons why people try drugs, leaving a deadly and devastating effect on anyone unlucky enough to be the person using or be close to the person using. Drugs can cause teens to begin abusing, create health problems, get people in serious trouble, or even lead to death. As teenagers grow older,Read MoreEnvironmental and Consumer Influences Analysis1426 Words   |  6 PagesEnvironmental and Consumer Influences Analysis PSY 322 Don Crabtree Environmental and Consumer Influences Analysis A consumer’s product selection, whether it is an item or a service, is influenced by a number of competing factors. All of those factors can make the process easier, or more difficult, depending upon the consumer’s own decision making process. Social, political, psychological, cultural, and legal processes, to name a few, all influence the consumer’s decision making processRead MoreBehavioral Finance And Its Effects On The Behavior Of Financial Practitioners And The Subsequent Effect On Markets2103 Words   |  9 Pageswhy individual investors make irrational financial decisions. According to Sewell (2007), â€Å"Behavioural finance is the study of the influence of psychology on the behaviour of financial practitioners and the subsequent effect on markets.† The science focuses on the effects of individual investors making decisions based on â€Å"hunches or emotions.† Ritter (2003, p.429), describes behavioural finance is based on psychology which suggests that human decision processes are subject to several cognitive illusionsRead MoreNew Public Management ( Npm )1383 Words   |  6 Pagesvalue to their work because they have the autonomy to make decisions. Besides, in the case of hybridisation, where the medical profession obtain calculative skills is also seen to improve accountability. (Kurunmaki) Both factors help in making them more accountable because they will have an influence over the entire process, rather than leaving the economic part to external party that may not be able to grasp the significance of the decisions. Consider an example where a pregnant woman can choose betweenRead MoreEmpowerment Is The Decision Making Process Essay1579 Words   |  7 Pagesmanagement decisions and in so doing improve the performance of the organization. In the past decade, business practitioners and organizational researchers have attached concept of empowerment in the workplace. Even, until at present, the literature has lacked unity on a definition or operationalization of empowerment in the workplace. In summary, empowerment is the management behavior where managers share with the rest of the organizational members their impact in the decision-making procedure thatRead MoreThe Structure Of Supply Chains1324 Words   |  6 PagesClimate change, in 21st century, is an increasingly alarming issue and its negatively far-reaching effects on humanity can no longer denied. In terms of businesses, enterprises must seal their ultimate goal – maximising profit – with environmental protection because â€Å"consumers concern about global climate change within the context of sustainable consumption† (Newman et al. 2012, p. 511). The structures of supply chains, specifically, are believably one of the most vulnerable to e nvironmental changes

Accounting Analysis On Accounting Standards - 1911 Words

Introduction This report is mainly focussed on the topic related to Accounting theory concept in general. There are two articles to elucidate, first article is on Accounting Standards conceptual framework, which is further discussed in detail about the qualitative characteristics of Conceptual framework. Second article is about Positive Accounting Theory, where we discuss about Accounting theories. A) Article One: 1) Australian Accounting Standard Board (AASB) AASB - Australian Accounting Standards Board Body charged with developing a Conceptual Framework for Accounting Practices, making and formulating accounting Standards, and participating in and contributing to the development of a single set of Accounting Standards for worldwide use. 2) Conceptual Framework in Australia In 2005, Australia adopted IFRS and replaced the Australian Conceptual Framework with the IASB Framework. Presently Australia uses IASB Conceptual Framework. â€Å"Conceptual Framework, there is no definitive or â€Å"absolute† definition of a conceptual framework† (Deegan, 2012). â€Å"The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) in the USA defined its conceptual framework as a coherent system if interrelated objectives and fundamentals that is expected to lead to consistent standards† (Deegan, 2012). â€Å"It prescribes the nature, function and limits of financial accounting and reporting† (Scholar, 2016). A central goal in establishing a conceptual framework of accounting will be general consensus on: ïÆ'Ëœ â€Å"The ScopeShow MoreRelatedAccounting Analysis On Accounting Standards1740 Words   |  7 PagesAccounting regulation is a complete set of theories that identified the economic, social and political factors that are related with the development of accounting principles and standards and to serve the best interest of societies. In 1930 and 1972 GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) and SSAP2 were introduced to reduce the accounting scandal and control and regulate the accounting. Later in the year, FASB (Federal Accounting Standard Board) introduced conceptual framework to provideRead MoreFinancial Analysis : Financial Accounting Standards Board1606 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the conceptual frameworks used by both the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the International Financial Standards Board, one of the main reasons why companies prepare financial reports is to allow users of financial statements make decisions regarding the provision of resour ces to the firm (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 2010; International Financial Standards Board, 2010). These decisions relate to the buy, sell, or hold moves that investors make based on the informationRead MoreThe Role of Conceptual Framework in Accounting1606 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Although conceptual framework standardises the accounting practices by providing the accounting bodies with well-defined financial protocols, it often fails to meet the requirements of different users. The adaptation of standardised financial statements enables the standard setting boards to enhance suitability of the financial standards according to competition in market without creating any legal issues (Beasley, 2010). On other hand, implementation of conceptual framework also reducesRead MoreSummary of Research for Accounting Changes and Error Analysis1143 Words   |  5 Pages Summary on Research for Accounting Changes and Error Analysis Companies have always faced issues of how to reflect changes in accounting methods and error corrections in financial statements. A change in accounting principle results when an entity adopts a generally accepted accounting principle different from the one it used previously (Hall 2007). A presumption exists that an accounting principle once adopted shall not be changed in accounting for events and transactions of a similar typeRead MoreIntermediate Accounting 14 Edition Test Bank – by Kieso1044 Words   |  5 PagesIntermediate Accounting 14 Edition Test Bank – By Kieso Follow Link Below To Get Tutorial https://homeworklance.com/downloads/intermediate-accounting-14-edition-test-bank-by-kieso/ Description: Chapter 1 Financial Accounting and Accounting Standards Chapter 2 Conceptual Framework Underlying Financial Accounting Chapter 3 The Accounting Information System Chapter 4 INCOME STATEMENT AND RELATED INFORMATION Chapter 5 BALANCE SHEET AND STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS Read MoreBusiness Matrix1325 Words   |  6 PagesACCOUNTING TRANSPARENCY Charles Katoroogo Prof Brandy Havens ACC 303 12/1/2013 ACCOUNTING TRANSPARENCY Accounting is mainly concerned with general rules, concepts and principles that are established with the purpose of governing different fields of financial reporting. Accounting principles are also known as accounting principles and guidelines, these acts as the base on which more complex and critical rules are based. The authority responsible for issuing the accounting standards (i.e. financialRead MoreManagement Accounting : The Father Of Accounting1415 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Accounting has be defined in various ways however almost every definition will describe it as a process that identifies, measures, analysis, and report data. Management accounting has not been the same since business started; it has come a long way from early member of civilisation using stone tablets for bookkeeping. Management accounting is used to aid managers make business decisions based on predicted figures and comparisons with actual figures. To follow is a detailed evaluationRead MoreBusiness Innovation And Skills Of Uk Government1563 Words   |  7 PagesSMEs in the below discussion. Generally, accounting is a necessary to all kind of enterprises, it helps firms to make decisions and to increase the efficiency and profitability. Moreover, management accounting such as Job Costing, Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis(CVP), Pricing and Target Costing etc. are also commonly used in businesses which help SMEs to calculate the cost and budget. In the following discussion, I am going to investigate different accounting tools and techniques and see whether theyRead MoreGeneral Purpose Governments vs. Special Purpose Governments1713 Words   |  7 Pagesspecial purpose governments. True False Examples of special purpose governments include cities, towns, and public schools that receive tax revenue to finance the services they provide. True False The Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) is the body authorized to establish ac counting principles for all state and local governments, both general purpose and special purpose. True False A characteristic common to governmental and not-for-profit organizations is operating purposes that are otherRead MoreAccounting Standards Essay1364 Words   |  6 Pagesof accounting standards that accurately represents all of their financial activity in a manner that is useful to concerned parties. To resolve these discrepancies three separate standard setting bodies have been tasked with developing Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) for these different organizations: The Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board (FASAB) for federal accounting, the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) for SLG, and the Financial Accounting Standards Board

Materialism in Pauls Case by Willa Cather Essay - 782 Words

In Pauls Case, Willa Cather manages to apply the emotions, feelings, troubles, and thoughts of modern society, allowing the reader to relate to the story. By incorporating the same heavy burdens that bother and aggravate people in their daily lives, Willa explores the pain and treatment unwanted people experience. Obviously, nobody wants to feel rejection or alienation from the world, but instead they desire to encounter acceptance and agreement with the worlds standards. In the story, the main character, Paul goes through excruciating transformations and lengths to try and impress the people around him. Attempting to belong in a superficial society, Paul loses a part of his identity without acknowledging it and therefore he†¦show more content†¦The fact that Paul?s temperament changes that quickly, just because of high quality clothing demonstrates his cloudy outlook on life. Throughout the story, Paul?s personality depends massively on his comfortability with the setti ng. Expecting to acquire treasures in his life, Paul despises his normal, pitiful life. After the concert, when Paul goes home, ?he experience[s] all the physical depression which follows a debauch, the loathing of respectable beds, of common food, of a house permeated by house odors, a shuddering repulsion for the flavorless, colorless mass of everyday existence.? It shows that Paul does not appreciate the simple things in life, instead he dreams of having a better, more luxurious life. Nevertheless, Paul feels enthusiasm and alive while working at the beautiful theater. ?When the symphony beg[ins] Paul s[its] into one of the rear seats with a long sigh of relief, and los[es] himself ...It was not that symphonies, as such, mean[s] anything in particular to Paul, but the first sight of the instruments seem[s] to free some hilarious and potent spirit within him.....He fe[els] a sudden zest of life, the lights danc[ing] before his eyes and the concert hall blaz[ing] into unimagina ble splendor.? The theater represents Paul?s comfort zone, the place where he feels he belongs and also a place where Paul pretends to play a part in the elite community. Lastly, the actions of PaulShow MoreRelatedPauls Case the Rocking Horse Winner Essay examples1756 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Paul’s Case† and â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner† After reading â€Å"Paul’s Case† by Willa Cather and â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner by D.H Lawrence the reader can realize these stories are warnings against materialism and the longing to have it all. Two different characters both by the name of Paul face a difficult situation, the desire to acquire more money. A substantial number of outside forces of both characters lead them to believe they need more than they already have. While feeling alienated

Project Program Information & Communication System †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Project Program Information Communication Systems. Answer: Introduction The review of the case project background, history and the delivery process, the delivery process has been compiled and found out that the history of the entire entity is at risk given the underlying measures and scope of work. There are reviews that have been taken from the customers who have viewed or rather accessed the website in the page. The number of users is indicated on top of the web page of the company and the quantity of commodity that has been purchased. This has helped to maintain a close relationship with the individuals that are key customers in the entity and help a large familiarity. The rating by the marketing agency is another. The initiation plan for field work The plan for field book affair which is trying to increase the client base, this will be undertaken by the team of developers in software and relevant computing knowledge. The online presence of shop is enhanced by application of the mobile device is made cheaply available by the management. This is where it uses the internal team of experts and technical experts to undertake the entire communication process. There is integration of tools of communication with the programs of decoding information. Developing of an online methodology for investigating the current case project information and communication system, the current case project information is kept safely in the organization database where the frequent manual back up is recommended. The client records are merged with the companys book affairs details that pertains that particular customer to determine the potential and the capacity that he possesses. The recruitment process of hiring the marketers is conducted on a website where the organization as an entity incorporated and governed by the charter of registered institutions. The company books affairs has a qualified mode of sending this information is by use of adverts to make the business locally familiar and products will be purchased as result of this. The market niche is made relevant and it is acquired through the penetration even though there are many key players. Company Methodology The normal rates apply for the individuals that have the message of the inside trading. The client base communication is improved by placing proper communication measures and the systems to integrate the wide niche of the client base. The customers keep on revisiting the shops time and again and this makes it important to keep a backup of data and records. The suitable tool that can be used in enhancing proper communication is implementation of an android based mobile application for the shop. The use of software developing team will promote the sales in relation to the books affairs program that has made it possible to achieve the standards of achievement and incorporating the relevant standards. Theproject management is to use the proper tools and therefore assist in implementation of the techniques of the project scope. The owners of android phones will be in a position to access the products and services in the extent to viewing the offered terms and services. The purpose of communication is termed to be fulfilled where the needs are fulfilled in the entire project. The aspect of online marketing will begin from building of a website that will entail placing all the relevant information of the organization in order to incorporate the entire project. The online presence of the shop is the one that is being considered as crucial due to the aspect of gaining the marketability and large popularity. There is information technology team that is used to establish a clear guideline and facilitate achievement of the standards of the organization. The running of program is handled by the executives in sales level and marketing. The department of sales is made familiar will all the measures and tools of communication. The yearly basis method of filing is used where the information is kept safely in a database and rectified after a period of time. The analysis is conducted after premeditation is conducted with the key staff and the management. There is adherence to the conformity in guideline and familiarizing with the tools of the company and management. The governing of the entity is made suitable by use of the individuals with the capacity to perform the functions of development and modification by use of creativity. The considered method of initiating a new design is regarded crucial in the sense that the creativity of individuals in the marketing role is the one assisting in the success profitability. The management has put allocation of resources in front of all the other functions to make it suitable and necessary to fulfill the given policies and articulation of the relevant data transfer techniques. The transmitting channel is made readily set in case the employees want to access it during any given time of the day in the organization premises. The working of the entire group endeavors the efforts of the organization to compete in a manner that it meets the competitive advantage necessity the availability of higher strengths and greater scales of operation. The management therefore makes this suitable by avoiding the risks in the reduction of the challenges and dangers of the perceived failure in communication systems There is a team of professionals in IT who are specifically trained for the development of the application to be utilized in the marketing aspect in shop. The individuals are endowed with the skills and technical abilities to perform the tasks as they arise in the project. The selected personalities have been issued with the requirements which are the previous experiences of engaging in working in certain similar projects. The manning of all the programs and the systems of internal control is undertaken by the project manager who is deemed responsible for all the transmissions that are undertaken with the given number of stakeholders. The compiling of data is made readily available by hiring the right staff and appropriate channels. A budget has been set that is to be used as guideline or the baseline for conducting the activities in the project as this will ensure a proper timescale is utilized. In the research there is a proper review of the internal operations and the way the systems functions in order to determine the scope and the way of handling the new project. There is a platform that is based on the aspect of study can be taken. Communication therefore is by use of direct confrontation where the people engaging in the virtual project teams do not possibly communicate face to face. The site of the members is different from that of the entire team and thus difficulty in enhancing the proper placement of the suitable measures. The application of the technology and digital media platform where the members of virtual teams generally use the IT programmed tools of communicating where websites are logged in. The aspect of video conferencing is where the business will be able to operate internationally by using famous applications such as Skype and other video conferencing technologies. The relay of information between the two transacting parties who are the business and the client is geared by use of enterprise management tools. Software development The project is made in a virtual technique which makes it necessary to adopt a new synchronous communication where the most commonly software is this one. There is a platform media for sharing information where the initiation of calls is facilitated by the electronic messages transfer and the instant messaging technique. The project teams members are able to convene team meetings where the mechanisms used are those of the regular aspect. (Luke, 2012) said the mostly utilized tool of the information and sending of the database is facilitated by the capacities transfer between the members of the project. The company works on a freelance basis where the workers are supposed to extend their work even to odd hours. The outside work from the office premises is worked in a way that the free agents are able to achieve their market orientation. The gadgets used entails the normal devices such as the telephone conversations intended to communicate. The members of the regional team are made aware of the need to update their information in the organization database where the accessibility by other team members is promoted. Peterson said the so commonly used tools of communication are known as the synchronous and the different type of the asynchronous communication techniques (Peterson, 2013, p.111). In my scope exercise I have been able to highlight the following essential and most crucial factors pertaining to the project based interacting systems. The features of communication is known to entail two personalities one and the communicating end person. The data is sent via electronic mode to the receiver who in turn responds to the message by providing a feedback or complementing the services. The sender engages in the brainstorming where several aspects and points are gathered together to be used for the purpose of uniqueness and relevancy. Garvey, 2015) said there have been identified two forms of transmission of the message that entails the hard form, soft and medium. The possibility of rejection of the message or perceived ignorance is likely to occur where only the sender can be able to rectify. The use of marketing tools and creativity in branding and design of these products is made necessary. The appealing information is high likelihood to be accepted rather than the poorly organized information. The collection of the feedback has been used as a strategy for rectifying the current measures and abnormalities. There are applications response button on the software of android when the user opens the company page. This will assist in offering the negative or positive reviews pertaining to the information transferred on by the person sending the data. The incorporation of a traditional hierarchy of sending information is discussed as being vital and relevant. There is a unidirectional scope of the specified flow of information that is seen to be transmitted from regions of high concentration to the lower levels. There is modification of the network currently used systems which allows the sharing of data and messages to and emancipating from all the given levels of the project. The traditional hierarchy has been outperformed by the most efficient network based systems of communication. There is user assistance in the project by close monitoring and communications of the scope of project to be transferred much faster. (Marcus, 2014) said there is entire control of the processes and coping up with the organizations affairs. The elimination of artificial barrier is made to prevail and happen in such a way that the network based communication model stays away or rather avoids the differences of hierarchical in nature. Information availability emancipating from all the levels of the team assists in the helping of management in making decisions. The decision making is regards in any issue as the head of the entire project commencement. Parker said the building of the given information systems modeling that enhance communication (Parker, 2012, p.123). This is from one party to the other and the constructional works that are met with the adherence to the given scope and standard measure. (Daniel, 2016) said there is easier and effortless exchange of information from one stakeholder to the other. Company planning The architectural plans that have been used by the company are medieval as they are understood in a different perspective that is passed by time. The systems of BIM makes it possible to understand and comprehend the two dimensional drawings in coming up with the architectural accurate plans. George said the systems are thus considered successful only when there is a successful attempt in highlighting the factors that hinder the completion of the systems (George, 2014, p.344). The virtualproject management has found the members to be virtually geographical and this ends up rescuing the personal interactions to the lowest points. It have been found out that to have an effective communication there are certain requirements that must be fulfilled such as the identification of the five Ws of who, what, where, why. There are administration policies that are put in place and this ensures that the organization assets are utilized efficiently without wastage. Samuel said the identification of the barrier in communication is considered detrimental as this will motivate the solutions dealing (Samuel, 2015, p.233). Improvement in the communication model is considered most relevant in theproject management exercise. The information is supposed to circulate between all the relevant officials and the members in the team. There is undertaking of the important step of following of a definite communication process. References George, K. (2014). The systems are thus considered successful only when there is a successful attempt in highlighting the factors that hinder the completion of the systems. Herman press. Germany. Parker, T. (2016). The building of the given information systems modeling that enhance communication. Kelly press, England. Peterson, N. (2013). The so commonly used tools of communication are known as the synchronous and the different type of the asynchronous communication techniques, Jakes press, Austria. Samuel, V. (2015). The identification of the barrier in communication is considered detrimental as this will motivate the solutions dealing, Hungarian press, Australia. Marcus, E. (2014). There is entire control of the processes and coping up with the organizations affairs. Herman press. Australia. Garvey, P. (2015). There have been identified two forms of transmission of the message that entails the hard form, soft and medium: Hungary press. England. Daniel, B. (2016). There is easier and effortless exchange of information from one stakeholder to the other. Jakes press. Australia. Luke, T. (2012). The mostly utilized tool of the information and sending of the database is facilitated by the capacities transfer between the members of the project. Norman press. Britain.

Youth Culture Essay Prompt and Discussion

Youth Culture Essay Prompt and Discussion Thats always better to learn by practice! Read the essay analysis below to clarify your understanding of good essay writing. Essay Example Culture is defined as a way of living that has been adopted by people depending on certain factors such as races and beliefs. Age is also a factor that determines the culture that has been adopted by the people in a certain age bracket. It has been noted that different age groups adopt different cultures which satisfy their lives and make them enjoy it to their fullest. When we focus on the youths, they are seen to have a different culture than all the other people (Steinberg, Parmar Richard, 2006). The reason for this is because they are still young and are trying to explore all the different aspects of life. Most of them do not really care about what is good or what is bad as long as it makes them happy. The youth’s culture differs from one city to another and the urban youth culture is different from the rural youth culture. France has its economy flailing and its politics are in the correct line. It has also been noted that the youth culture is catching up with that of the world so that the sleepy arrondissements that once existed in the north-eastern part of Paris, have been transformed by both social and economic forces making it more vibrant and with many activities going on. Other businesses such as clubs have also been established in this place and this has opened up room for the social activities by the youths. This has been an improvement from their previous way of doing things and the drastic change has been noted by many people (In Gullotta In Plant In Evans, 2014). The museum that exists in the middle of the town has also seen rapid changes as many activities have been invented and especially by the multinational corporations since some Parisians do not want to be associated with some places. A globalized youth culture exists in all towns including in Paris. The youths want to have some connection with those of their neighboring cities and also adopt some practices that are present in their cultures. The adopted practices are then incorporated in their daily activities adding up to their culture. The reason why they do this is in the efforts to create their own identity and become different from others in different cities. Essay Analysis Argument breakdown The argument of this essay appears to be â€Å"Different age groups adopt different cultures which satisfy their lives and make them enjoy it to their fullest.† In other words, happiness is achieved in different ways by age groups. The essay follows with two supporting paragraphs. The first paragraph opens with the topic sentence, â€Å"When we focus on the youths, they are seen to have a different culture than all the other people.† The topic sentence of the second paragraph looks to be â€Å"youth culture is catching up with that of the world†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The essay concludes with the idea youths adopt cultural traits from other cities to add to their own cultures. This helps them to form personal identities. Argument analysis The argument should focus on youth culture in Paris. Unfortunately, there is no clear thesis statement. The introduction indicates the essay will discuss how age affects the cultural habits a person adopts. However, it seems the essay actually discusses the concept that young adopt whatever cultural activities make them happy. In this case, the writer would need to support the essay with key ideas such as: The cultural traits young people are inclined to adopt Why youths, in particular, may choose those cultural traits to be happy The essay writer should also make the connection between race, gender, and existing beliefs of the youth in Paris since it is such a multicultural city. Since the main argument is not expressed clearly in the form of a thesis statement in the introduction, the essay lacks focus. Body paragraph 1 Argument The only idea in the paragraph is youth culture differs from other age groups in various locations. As this is simply a repetition of the idea of the introduction, it is a weak paragraph. There is no new information, and the writer does not offer support in the form of details, examples, facts, or statistics. Reasoning There is no clear reasoning in this paragraph because the writer has no clear topic to support the argument. Body paragraph 2 Argument The paragraph opens with the statement â€Å"France has its economy flailing and its politics are in the correct line.† The relevance of this information to the essay’s argument is not connected well the statement should take the form of supporting information later in the paragraph. The main idea of the paragraph is cultural traits in the city, in the form of social activities, have changed drastically. This is a valid idea to explore. Culture changes with time, and modern youth have individual tastes. However, religious, ethnic, and financial factors affect cultural norms as well. The writer should discuss the merger of existing cultural beliefs and new cultural trends, and how this contributes to their happiness. Reasoning The writer appears to have a relevant idea in mind but fails to use it to support the main argument of the essay. Ideas seem disjointed, and there is little cohesion in the paragraph. Analysis summary The essay suffers from a lack of clarity. There is no clear argument is the argument age affects cultural adoption? Or is it youths follow whatever culture makes them happy? We can edit essay by improving a  following standard academic essay structure

Free Essays on Hypnotism

Edward Bach (1886-1936) was not a hypnotherapist and so his work is not well know in some hypnotherapy circles. Nevertheless, his philosophy is consistent with that of modern hypnotherapy and we have found that the flower remedies that he developed provide an excellent adjunct to hypnotherapy. Dr. Bach entered medical school in London in 1906 at the age of 20 and graduated five years later. He practiced conventional medicine from 1912 until 1919 when he joint the staff of the London Homeopathic Hospital as a pathologist and bacteriologist. Impressed with the work of Hahnemann, the father of homeopathic medicine, he developed seven nosodes from the seven types of bacteria that he had associated with chronic illness. At the same time he noted that patients with the seven different types of intestinal bacterial pathogens exhibited particular personality types or temperaments. He began to prescribe his nosodes solely by observing the patients’ personality types and temperaments. Bach did not like using pathogen-based nosodes and began to use herbs and plants in place of intestinal bacteria in homeopathic remedies. After using flowers as the basis for developing several homeopathic remedies he sold his medical practice and in 1930, at the age of 43, he left London for the English countryside. Over the course of the next six years he developed 38 flower remedies (discussed below) and the more well know Rescue Remedy. Dr. Bach died at the age of 50 in 1936. Dr. Bach’s Philosophy Dr. Bach’s philosophy about healing and life are set forth in his short book, Heal Thyself. The crux of his philosophy is summarized in two statements: â€Å"The main reason for the failure of modern medical science is that it is dealing with results and not causes . . . Disease is in essence the result of conflict between Soul and Mind, and will never be eradicated except by spiritual and mental effort.† (Centre, 1997, 9-10) As hypnot... Free Essays on Hypnotism Free Essays on Hypnotism Edward Bach (1886-1936) was not a hypnotherapist and so his work is not well know in some hypnotherapy circles. Nevertheless, his philosophy is consistent with that of modern hypnotherapy and we have found that the flower remedies that he developed provide an excellent adjunct to hypnotherapy. Dr. Bach entered medical school in London in 1906 at the age of 20 and graduated five years later. He practiced conventional medicine from 1912 until 1919 when he joint the staff of the London Homeopathic Hospital as a pathologist and bacteriologist. Impressed with the work of Hahnemann, the father of homeopathic medicine, he developed seven nosodes from the seven types of bacteria that he had associated with chronic illness. At the same time he noted that patients with the seven different types of intestinal bacterial pathogens exhibited particular personality types or temperaments. He began to prescribe his nosodes solely by observing the patients’ personality types and temperaments. Bach did not like using pathogen-based nosodes and began to use herbs and plants in place of intestinal bacteria in homeopathic remedies. After using flowers as the basis for developing several homeopathic remedies he sold his medical practice and in 1930, at the age of 43, he left London for the English countryside. Over the course of the next six years he developed 38 flower remedies (discussed below) and the more well know Rescue Remedy. Dr. Bach died at the age of 50 in 1936. Dr. Bach’s Philosophy Dr. Bach’s philosophy about healing and life are set forth in his short book, Heal Thyself. The crux of his philosophy is summarized in two statements: â€Å"The main reason for the failure of modern medical science is that it is dealing with results and not causes . . . Disease is in essence the result of conflict between Soul and Mind, and will never be eradicated except by spiritual and mental effort.† (Centre, 1997, 9-10) As hypnot...

The Advantages and Disadvantages during the Simulation Essay

The Advantages and Disadvantages during the Simulation - Essay Example Financial Statement represents information exhibiting firms’ performance. The balance sheet shows financial position of the firm at one point in time while income statement shows the profit and loose for the previous year (Curkovic, 2000). The 21st-century car challenge is a simulation that illustrates the various impacts of engineering decisions in an automobile industrial and global environment. Engineering decisions impact the financial performances of each competing company and are assessed by customers. Using a good business strategy is the key to win in this simulation. As I did this simulation as a member of the Red Team, we need to define product by making decisions about engineering and sell it by taking marketing decisions, also manufacture, invest, and decide on quality, human resource and loans in order to optimize profitability and return on capital employed (Mega learning, 2012). This report will be divided to be 4parts: advantages and disadvantages of the strategy we did, alternative options, the optimum strategy, and conclusion. At the first period, the Red Team faced to the problems of the high cost of non-quality, a low competitive advantage in the next period, low EBIT, the low value of share price compared with competitors, high rate of stocks, and low percentages of employee morale. Because we focused on IMAGE cars and Family cars only, so we used the strategy of beyond current expectations by improving their quality through invested much in engineering and marketing and we did not invest in manufacturer facilities and Human Resource and Quality due to the limited budget. We decided to solve problems in the next period by using product development and market development strategies with the focus of IMAGE cars as the main product. The share price and EBIT grew up as a result but other products still had a lot of inventories.  

Adherence Reaction Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Adherence Reaction Paper - Essay Example On Mondays and Fridays, I also include my vitamin B-6 tablet, which I am required to take twice per week. This concludes my morning routine, but not the medication regimen for the day. At night, I take another calcium carbonate and a capsule and a half of Zoloft, which, as it warns, does make me drowsy and helps me get to sleep at night. There are several things that help me adhere to this regimen. I have a pill caddy that I refill every week and carry with me everywhere I go. The rattle of it reminds me to check if I have taken my medication yet while the proper dosage of each pill for each day is already there for me. This is especially helpful for the odd B-6 pill that I am only supposed to take twice per week and is thus easy to forget. During the week, when I have a more regular schedule thanks to my volunteer job at the library, it is relatively easy to keep myself on this regimen. I have to get up at a specific time in the morning anyway in order to get ready for my ‘job’ and the evenings remain relatively quiet so that I can get enough sleep for tomorrow’s work. On the weekends, though, it becomes more difficult because I want to sleep in later, but still get hungry at the same time and I want to stay up later, but the Zoloft continues to make me sleepy. I am motivated to continue taking the medicine, though, out of fear of having a heart attack or simply not be capable of eating comfortably if that horrible heartburn feeling returns. At the same time, there are many things that make me wish I could just scrap the regimen altogether. When I am not volunteering, it is nice to lose all track of scheduling constraints. I like to sleep in late and take my time on various things. On these days, I am usually ravenously hungry when I wake up but have to put this on hold if I want my medications to be effective. This is

Theory, Design And Specification Essay Example for Free

Theory, Design And Specification Essay The focal point of this paper is to adopt a process centered strategy for a healthcare organization keeping mind that while implementing this strategy the 4 focus points i.e. culture, organization, people and control system and instrument would be taken into account. Culture is the mix of values and shared beliefs that formulates the system of an organization. In general sense the culture of an organization is created by the corporate infrastructure which is dependent on the variables such as strategic thinking ability or depth, dedication level of the personnel and the amount of cooperation involved. This entire mix is compositely known a corporate culture of an organization. While adopting a process centered strategy for a healthcare organization it would be important to keep in mind the basic degree of this culture. Organization on the other hand can be divided into two segments in the field of operations. The first is its structure and the second is its process of decision flow. The structure of the organization is instrumental for the accountabilities that enable the company to achieve its objectives or mission. The process of decision flow is the tool that converts the results into coherent patterns that could be termed as implementation that would help in the controlling decision and implementation. People or the human resource element is the most important factor of management strategies and is a wonderful ingredient of strategy implementation projects. It has been seen that without taking the human factor into consideration has yielded negative results for the ultimate success of the company. Thus this factor is to be taken into account as a vital asset of the organization. One of the most important variables for the success of the implementation process is the control system and instruments. The control system and instruments are those assets where on the organization can take and formulate action with more accurate results. For the hospital industry latest and advanced equipments are the key to better service and result. Therefore if the top management are aware of the ability of the machines available and the there are enough means and abilities to control the machines the management would define their strategies accordingly in terms of formulating the optimum level and outputs. In the practical scenario it should be mentioned that adopting a process centered strategy for a healthcare organization keeping mind that the 4 focus points i.e. culture, organization, people and control system and instrument are well evaluated and analyzed. This because these are the factors that can break or make any laid down planning system that has been prepared with taking into notion these essential components. If these four elements are not considered it is evident that a number of circumstances would presumably arise for with the management would never be ready to handle. It should be looked upon that a perfect mix of these four elements has taken place and a well oiled communication system is in place to juxtapose all these elements together for assumed success. For administrative success controlling processes, motivation, planning and demands discipline are the major factors and to achieve it proper mix of culture, organization, people and control system and instrument are invaluable. Reference: Raps, Andreas;Â   Jun 2004; Strategic Finance. Montvale; Vol.85, Iss 12; pg 48, 6 pgs

Employee Empowerment in Flat Organizations Essay -- Employment Custome

Employee Empowerment in Flat Organizations A flat organization is a culture of ownership and partnership, it is an organization that uses teams to increase efficiency, responsiveness and flexibility. The focus is on customer satisfaction, work is directly connected, to customer processes. Employees in a flat organization know the business, they have been delegated the power to think for the whole company. Flat organizations are giving lower management more responsibilities; they are expected to make more decisions to integral operations. Good decision-making is a balance between getting most of what we want with as little risk as possible. It means that we use the right processes that encourage participation while keeping the focus on the decisions at hand. Every organization has decisions that need to be made daily. Organizational performance is largely dependent upon the decision-making processes that a particular organization uses. Having good decision making skills allows us to make the decision with a degree of confidence and efficiency. Employees at all levels will be able to make decisions with greater confidence if they have processes. Processes provide clarity to think through the recommendation and the process to make coherent decisions. Processes improve our ability to think clearly and a company that adopts a common decision making process improves the outcome and efficiency of decisions made. A process will map out how to plan, frame and resea...

Language development in children

All the other ways of knowing are controlled by language. The appropriate use of language is central to virtually all aspects of learning and social development. Successful and appropriate language communication is also closely linked to the individual’s place in society, while the inability to communicate clearly hampers and may virtually eliminate a person’s ability to cope with even the simplest educational and social situations. The manner in which children learn to understand and successfully communicate through language is among the most important questions studied by psychologists. The appropriate use of language is central to virtually all aspects of learning and social development. Successful and appropriate language communication is also closely linked to the individual’s place in society, while the inability to communicate clearly hampers and may virtually eliminate a person’s ability to cope with even the simplest educational and social situations. Traditionally, psychological accounts of language development  Ã‚   have been developed by theorists who have included language learning in their discussions of a general acquisition process (e.g. Miller and Dollard, 1941; Skinner, 1957). Skinner for example, believes that language is learned in large measure by waiting for children to emit approximations of the forms of speech which are ultimately desired and then by gradual shaping  Ã‚   (by parents or other socializing agents) until the correct sounds and sentence forms can be reproduced in appropriate situations with a high degree of fidelity.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In contrast, some psycholinguists (e.g. Chomsky, 1959; Fodor, 1966) have  Ã‚   cogently argued that operant learning theory cannot adequately account for complex verbal behavior. Chomsky (1959) offers the following pregnant critique of a â€Å"conditioning† viewpoint: †¦it seems quite beyond questions that children acquire a good deal of their verbal and non-verbal behavior by casual observation and imitation of adults and other children. It is simply not true that children can learn language only through â€Å"meticulous care† on the part of adults who shape their verbal repertoire through careful differential reinforcement, though it may be that such care is often the custom in academic families. It is a common observation that a young child of immigrant parents may learn a second language in the streets, from other children, with amazing rapidity, and that his speech  Ã‚   may be completely fluent and correct to the last allophone†¦ A child may pick up a large part of his vocabulary and â€Å"feel† for sentence structure from television, from reading, from listening to adults, etc. Even a very young child who has not yet acquired a minimal repertoire from which to form new utterances may imitate a word quite well on an early try, with no attempt on the part of his parents to teach it to him (p. 42). Numerous experiments have now disclosed that principles for generating novel responses can be acquired through the observation of others (for example, Bandura & McDonald, 1963; Bandura & Mischel, 1965). If principles of language usage, rather than mere words can be shown to be acquired through observational learning, then this would provide at least a partial account of the process of language acquisition. The classic experiment in this area was conducted by Bandura and Harris (1966). They were interested whether second-grade children could make up sentences that included prepositional phrases and the passive voice. The children were tested first during a base rate period and then again after some form of intervening training. The results demonstrated that the children showed a greater increment in the production of the relevant construction in their sentences (than did the control group) if they were exposed to a combination of (1) an adult model’s production of sentence3s with and without the relevant construction (2) reward to both the model and the observer for sentences containing the relevant construction and (3) attention-focusing instructions. This study clearly suggested that children’s language productions might be modified through modeling in conjunction with other procedures. It is likely, however, that the children in Bandura and Harris experiment had been exposed to prepositional phrases and the passive voice many times in their lives prior to entering the experimental situation. Therefore, the question still remained as to whether children could actually acquire new or novel language rules as a function of observation. Indeed, language is important and in fact, traditionally, psychological accounts of language development have been developed by theorists who have included language learning in their discussions of a general acquisition process (Miller & Dollard, 1941; Skinner, 1957). Skinner, for example, believes that language is learned, in large measure by waiting for children to emit approximations of the forms of speech which are ultimately desired and then by gradual shaping (by parents or other socializing agents) until the correct sounds and sentence forms can be reproduced in appropriate situations with a high degree of fidelity. This is a fair representation of the interrelationship between perception, emotion, reason and language, for numerous experiments have now disclosed that principles for generating novel responses can be acquired through the observation of others (Bandura & McDonald, 1963) If principles of language usage, rather than mere words, can be shown to be acquired through observational learning, then this would provide at least a partial account of the process of language acquisition. In the area of linguistic diversity, researches reveal that in spite of enormous impact that language has on children’s schooling, lack of English skills alone cannot explain the poor academic achievement of students. It is tempting to fall back on this explanation and thus count on simple solutions to solve the problem. Cuban students, for example, have the highest educational level of all Latinos, yet they are the most likely to speak Spanish at home. (Valdivieso & Davis, 1988). However, the fact that students speak Spanish is treated by many teachers as a problem. There is also evidence that teachers interact more negatively with students who do not speak English than with those who do. (U.S. General Accounting Office, Bilingual Education: A New Look at the Research Evidence, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, March 1987). Thus, this is where the emotion and perception side come in the picture. Because if this is the case, then the language dominance of students is not the real issue; rather, the way in which teachers and schools view their language may be even more crucial to student achievement in acquiring knowledge. How language and language use are perceived by the schools and whether modifications in the curriculum and imparting of knowledge are made as a result are important factors to keep in mind. The fact that English speakers rarely have the opportunity to enter bilingual education programs reinforces status of these programs. This is where the methodology of knowledge is more important than the knowledge itself. According to Jean Piaget, what differentiates humans from animals is human’s ability to do â€Å"symbolic abstract reasoning† [Piaget’s Theory] and this forms the basis for the constructivist theory in learning and instruction [Ibid.]. During his experiments, he observed that children think differently from adult and answer questions differently, but it does not mean that children are dumb [Ibid.]. Piaget’s theory had two major aspects: the process and stages of cognitive development [Ibid.]. The process of learning and acquiring intelligence of children is influenced by ‘schemas,’ which is actually the child’s representation to the world. The processes used by children to attain equilibrium between their schemas and the real environment are â€Å"accommodation† and â€Å"assimilation† [Ibid.]. It is assimilation when a child tries to fit cubes into square holes during playtime. It is accommodation when a child tries to push harder a heavier play cart with classmate- passengers than a cart with no one riding. As a child grows, schemas become more complex [Ibid.]. The stages in cognitive development of a child are divided into three: sensorimotor [infancy], pre-operational stage (toddler and early childhood), and concrete operational stage (elementary and early adolescence). During infancy, a child only recognizes an object when he or she sees it [Giants]. During toddler hood and early child hood, a child knows the direction of the right and left of an object, but the child cannot correctly think relative to that object [Ibid.]. At the concrete operational stage, a child becomes more logical in their understanding of the world. It is important that teachers of pre-school and primary schools learn to challenge abilities of children [Piaget’s Theory]. â€Å"Discovery learning and supporting the developing interest of the child are two primary instructional techniques† [Ibid.] to help children understand the world more. â€Å"Children construct knowledge, learning can lead development, development cannot be separated from its social context, and language plays a central role in cognitive development† are the main themes of Vygotsky’s developmental theory [Giants]. Children construct knowledge in a way that Piaget had described it [Bodrova 2005]. A child’s learning can be measured in a level of independent performance and level of assisted performance [Ibid]. The area between these measures will result to the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) which increases as learning occurs [Ibid]. Both content and processes of thought is determined by the culture [Ibid.]. Higher functions in man such as focused attention, deliberate memory and symbolic thought are passed down thru teaching [Ibid.]. â€Å"Learning always involves external experience being transformed into internal processes through the means of language† [Ibid.]. Vygotsky’s principle taught that teachers should know the specific learning needs of a child and determine what most appropriate intervention could be done. The ZPD would eventually be filled-up if the learning needs were met thru proper teaching practice. One good practice was to devise an assessment questionnaire that would equally gauge independent performance and assisted performance, and from there, the ZPD can be quantitatively determined. By identifying the gap qualitatively, the learning needs of a child would be revealed.  Ã‚   Moreover, teachers should also know how to develop a child’s attention to focus, improve child’s memory, to teach children think symbolically, and use a language game that children understand. Meanwhile, one’s cultural and social upbringing affects the way a person views this. There are no assumptions or deducing involved here. One can verify the information by just looking again at the dizzying array of program alternatives in bilingual education, each claiming to be more successful than the others. In general, most research has found that bilingual programs of all kinds are effective not only in teaching students content area knowledge in their native language but also in teaching them English. This has been proven time and again to be the case in research analyses and specific program reviews (Hakuta, 1990). According to Hakuta, the most significant effect of bilingual education may not be that it promotes bilingualism in general, which he claims it does not, but rather that it â€Å"gives some measure of official public status to the political struggle of language minorities, primarily Hispanics.† He suggests that raising the status of these children’s native languages contributes to their opportunities for friendships with English-speaking children. Similarly, Erik Erikson as psychoanalyst taught that any person, child or adult faces specific life crisis that they have to resolve in order to perform their tasks (Atkinson 1993). During early childhood or preschool, a child develops an ability to initiate activities (Ibid. 118); teachers have to learn how to encourage or discourage them in order that the child would not feel inadequate. During middle child hood or elementary, children learns various skills such as reading and writing, but they have to interact socially with others in order to feel successful or competent, otherwise they would feel inferior. During this time, a teacher should constantly but reasonably praise a child for a job well done. The LOGO programming used with young children was believed to be supported by Erikson’s theory on the psychosocial stages (Gillespie and Beisser, 2001, p. 230). LOGO is a computer programming language developed by Dr. Seymour Papert in 1980s that is loaded with MicroWorlds software. With the MicroWorlds, a child creates his own animated graphics thru self-directed activity and independently explores cause and effect. Giving children ample time to spend with LOGO programming,   building and constructing encourages children to work without making them feel guilty which makes smooth the transition of a child in his guilty-prone period   (Ibid. p. 234). The same activities enable a child also to acquire mastery of the game in order to feel competent. REFERENCES Atkinson, R.L., Richard C. Atkinson, Edward E. Smith and Daryl J. Bem (1993). Introduction to Psychology 11th ed.. United States: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. Bandura, A. & McDonald F.J. (1963). The influence of social reinforcement and the behavior of models in shaping children’s moral judgments. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology.   67, 274-281. Bodrova, Elena (2005). Vygotsky’s Developmental Theory: An Introduction. In Davidson Films Homepage. Retrieved Oct. 29, 2006, from http://www.davidsonfilms.com/develope.htm Chomsky, N. Review of B.F. Skinner’s Verbal Behavior (1959).Language, 35, 26-58. Gillespie, C., Beisser, W. (2001). Developmentally Appropriate LOGO Computer Programming with Young Children. Retrieved Oct. 29, 2006, http://www.aace.org/dl/files/ITCE/ITCE2001-229.pdf Hakuta, K. (1990). Bilingualism and Bilingual Education: A Research Perspective, no. 1 Washington, DC: National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education, Spring. Miller, N.E. & Dollard, J. Social learning and imitation. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1941. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development. In Educational Psychology Interactive Homepage. Retrieved October 29, 2006, from http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/cogsys/piaget.html. Skinner, B. F. Verbal behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1957. U.S. General Accounting Office (1987).   Bilingual Education: A New Look at the Research Evidence, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Valdivieso, R. and Davis, C. (1988). U.S. Hispanics: Challenging Issues for the 1990s Washington D.D.: Population Trends and Public Policy.                            Language development in children All the other ways of knowing are controlled by language. The appropriate use of language is central to virtually all aspects of learning and social development. Successful and appropriate language communication is also closely linked to the individual’s place in society, while the inability to communicate clearly hampers and may virtually eliminate a person’s ability to cope with even the simplest educational and social situations. The manner in which children learn to understand and successfully communicate through language is among the most important questions studied by psychologists. The appropriate use of language is central to virtually all aspects of learning and social development. Successful and appropriate language communication is also closely linked to the individual’s place in society, while the inability to communicate clearly hampers and may virtually eliminate a person’s ability to cope with even the simplest educational and social situations. Traditionally, psychological accounts of language development  Ã‚   have been developed by theorists who have included language learning in their discussions of a general acquisition process (e.g. Miller and Dollard, 1941; Skinner, 1957). Skinner for example, believes that language is learned in large measure by waiting for children to emit approximations of the forms of speech which are ultimately desired and then by gradual shaping  Ã‚   (by parents or other socializing agents) until the correct sounds and sentence forms can be reproduced in appropriate situations with a high degree of fidelity.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In contrast, some psycholinguists (e.g. Chomsky, 1959; Fodor, 1966) have  Ã‚   cogently argued that operant learning theory cannot adequately account for complex verbal behavior. Chomsky (1959) offers the following pregnant critique of a â€Å"conditioning† viewpoint: †¦it seems quite beyond questions that children acquire a good deal of their verbal and non-verbal behavior by casual observation and imitation of adults and other children. It is simply not true that children can learn language only through â€Å"meticulous care† on the part of adults who shape their verbal repertoire through careful differential reinforcement, though it may be that such care is often the custom in academic families. It is a common observation that a young child of immigrant parents may learn a second language in the streets, from other children, with amazing rapidity, and that his speech  Ã‚   may be completely fluent and correct to the last allophone†¦ A child may pick up a large part of his vocabulary and â€Å"feel† for sentence structure from television, from reading, from listening to adults, etc. Even a very young child who has not yet acquired a minimal repertoire from which to form new utterances may imitate a word quite well on an early try, with no attempt on the part of his parents to teach it to him (p. 42). Numerous experiments have now disclosed that principles for generating novel responses can be acquired through the observation of others (for example, Bandura & McDonald, 1963; Bandura & Mischel, 1965). If principles of language usage, rather than mere words can be shown to be acquired through observational learning, then this would provide at least a partial account of the process of language acquisition. The classic experiment in this area was conducted by Bandura and Harris (1966). They were interested whether second-grade children could make up sentences that included prepositional phrases and the passive voice. The children were tested first during a base rate period and then again after some form of intervening training. The results demonstrated that the children showed a greater increment in the production of the relevant construction in their sentences (than did the control group) if they were exposed to a combination of (1) an adult model’s production of sentence3s with and without the relevant construction (2) reward to both the model and the observer for sentences containing the relevant construction and (3) attention-focusing instructions. This study clearly suggested that children’s language productions might be modified through modeling in conjunction with other procedures. It is likely, however, that the children in Bandura and Harris experiment had been exposed to prepositional phrases and the passive voice many times in their lives prior to entering the experimental situation. Therefore, the question still remained as to whether children could actually acquire new or novel language rules as a function of observation. Indeed, language is important and in fact, traditionally, psychological accounts of language development have been developed by theorists who have included language learning in their discussions of a general acquisition process (Miller & Dollard, 1941; Skinner, 1957). Skinner, for example, believes that language is learned, in large measure by waiting for children to emit approximations of the forms of speech which are ultimately desired and then by gradual shaping (by parents or other socializing agents) until the correct sounds and sentence forms can be reproduced in appropriate situations with a high degree of fidelity. This is a fair representation of the interrelationship between perception, emotion, reason and language, for numerous experiments have now disclosed that principles for generating novel responses can be acquired through the observation of others (Bandura & McDonald, 1963) If principles of language usage, rather than mere words, can be shown to be acquired through observational learning, then this would provide at least a partial account of the process of language acquisition. In the area of linguistic diversity, researches reveal that in spite of enormous impact that language has on children’s schooling, lack of English skills alone cannot explain the poor academic achievement of students. It is tempting to fall back on this explanation and thus count on simple solutions to solve the problem. Cuban students, for example, have the highest educational level of all Latinos, yet they are the most likely to speak Spanish at home. (Valdivieso & Davis, 1988). However, the fact that students speak Spanish is treated by many teachers as a problem. There is also evidence that teachers interact more negatively with students who do not speak English than with those who do. (U.S. General Accounting Office, Bilingual Education: A New Look at the Research Evidence, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, March 1987). Thus, this is where the emotion and perception side come in the picture. Because if this is the case, then the language dominance of students is not the real issue; rather, the way in which teachers and schools view their language may be even more crucial to student achievement in acquiring knowledge. How language and language use are perceived by the schools and whether modifications in the curriculum and imparting of knowledge are made as a result are important factors to keep in mind. The fact that English speakers rarely have the opportunity to enter bilingual education programs reinforces status of these programs. This is where the methodology of knowledge is more important than the knowledge itself. According to Jean Piaget, what differentiates humans from animals is human’s ability to do â€Å"symbolic abstract reasoning† [Piaget’s Theory] and this forms the basis for the constructivist theory in learning and instruction [Ibid.]. During his experiments, he observed that children think differently from adult and answer questions differently, but it does not mean that children are dumb [Ibid.]. Piaget’s theory had two major aspects: the process and stages of cognitive development [Ibid.]. The process of learning and acquiring intelligence of children is influenced by ‘schemas,’ which is actually the child’s representation to the world. The processes used by children to attain equilibrium between their schemas and the real environment are â€Å"accommodation† and â€Å"assimilation† [Ibid.]. It is assimilation when a child tries to fit cubes into square holes during playtime. It is accommodation when a child tries to push harder a heavier play cart with classmate- passengers than a cart with no one riding. As a child grows, schemas become more complex [Ibid.]. The stages in cognitive development of a child are divided into three: sensorimotor [infancy], pre-operational stage (toddler and early childhood), and concrete operational stage (elementary and early adolescence). During infancy, a child only recognizes an object when he or she sees it [Giants]. During toddler hood and early child hood, a child knows the direction of the right and left of an object, but the child cannot correctly think relative to that object [Ibid.]. At the concrete operational stage, a child becomes more logical in their understanding of the world. It is important that teachers of pre-school and primary schools learn to challenge abilities of children [Piaget’s Theory]. â€Å"Discovery learning and supporting the developing interest of the child are two primary instructional techniques† [Ibid.] to help children understand the world more. â€Å"Children construct knowledge, learning can lead development, development cannot be separated from its social context, and language plays a central role in cognitive development† are the main themes of Vygotsky’s developmental theory [Giants]. Children construct knowledge in a way that Piaget had described it [Bodrova 2005]. A child’s learning can be measured in a level of independent performance and level of assisted performance [Ibid]. The area between these measures will result to the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) which increases as learning occurs [Ibid]. Both content and processes of thought is determined by the culture [Ibid.]. Higher functions in man such as focused attention, deliberate memory and symbolic thought are passed down thru teaching [Ibid.]. â€Å"Learning always involves external experience being transformed into internal processes through the means of language† [Ibid.]. Vygotsky’s principle taught that teachers should know the specific learning needs of a child and determine what most appropriate intervention could be done. The ZPD would eventually be filled-up if the learning needs were met thru proper teaching practice. One good practice was to devise an assessment questionnaire that would equally gauge independent performance and assisted performance, and from there, the ZPD can be quantitatively determined. By identifying the gap qualitatively, the learning needs of a child would be revealed.  Ã‚   Moreover, teachers should also know how to develop a child’s attention to focus, improve child’s memory, to teach children think symbolically, and use a language game that children understand. Meanwhile, one’s cultural and social upbringing affects the way a person views this. There are no assumptions or deducing involved here. One can verify the information by just looking again at the dizzying array of program alternatives in bilingual education, each claiming to be more successful than the others. In general, most research has found that bilingual programs of all kinds are effective not only in teaching students content area knowledge in their native language but also in teaching them English. This has been proven time and again to be the case in research analyses and specific program reviews (Hakuta, 1990). According to Hakuta, the most significant effect of bilingual education may not be that it promotes bilingualism in general, which he claims it does not, but rather that it â€Å"gives some measure of official public status to the political struggle of language minorities, primarily Hispanics.† He suggests that raising the status of these children’s native languages contributes to their opportunities for friendships with English-speaking children. Similarly, Erik Erikson as psychoanalyst taught that any person, child or adult faces specific life crisis that they have to resolve in order to perform their tasks (Atkinson 1993). During early childhood or preschool, a child develops an ability to initiate activities (Ibid. 118); teachers have to learn how to encourage or discourage them in order that the child would not feel inadequate. During middle child hood or elementary, children learns various skills such as reading and writing, but they have to interact socially with others in order to feel successful or competent, otherwise they would feel inferior. During this time, a teacher should constantly but reasonably praise a child for a job well done. The LOGO programming used with young children was believed to be supported by Erikson’s theory on the psychosocial stages (Gillespie and Beisser, 2001, p. 230). LOGO is a computer programming language developed by Dr. Seymour Papert in 1980s that is loaded with MicroWorlds software. With the MicroWorlds, a child creates his own animated graphics thru self-directed activity and independently explores cause and effect. Giving children ample time to spend with LOGO programming,   building and constructing encourages children to work without making them feel guilty which makes smooth the transition of a child in his guilty-prone period   (Ibid. p. 234). The same activities enable a child also to acquire mastery of the game in order to feel competent. REFERENCES Atkinson, R.L., Richard C. Atkinson, Edward E. Smith and Daryl J. Bem (1993). Introduction to Psychology 11th ed.. United States: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. Bandura, A. & McDonald F.J. (1963). The influence of social reinforcement and the behavior of models in shaping children’s moral judgments. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology.   67, 274-281. Bodrova, Elena (2005). Vygotsky’s Developmental Theory: An Introduction. In Davidson Films Homepage. Retrieved Oct. 29, 2006, from http://www.davidsonfilms.com/develope.htm Chomsky, N. Review of B.F. Skinner’s Verbal Behavior (1959).Language, 35, 26-58. Gillespie, C., Beisser, W. (2001). Developmentally Appropriate LOGO Computer Programming with Young Children. Retrieved Oct. 29, 2006, http://www.aace.org/dl/files/ITCE/ITCE2001-229.pdf Hakuta, K. (1990). Bilingualism and Bilingual Education: A Research Perspective, no. 1 Washington, DC: National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education, Spring. Miller, N.E. & Dollard, J. Social learning and imitation. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1941. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development. In Educational Psychology Interactive Homepage. Retrieved October 29, 2006, from http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/cogsys/piaget.html. Skinner, B. F. Verbal behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1957. U.S. General Accounting Office (1987).   Bilingual Education: A New Look at the Research Evidence, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Valdivieso, R. and Davis, C. (1988). U.S. Hispanics: Challenging Issues for the 1990s Washington D.D.: Population Trends and Public Policy.                           

Quebrada Jaguay - Terminal Pleistocene Archaeology

Quebrada Jaguay (designated QJ-280 by its excavator) is a multi-component archaeological site, located on an  alluvial terrace within the coastal desert of southern Peru, on the north bank an ephemeral stream near the town of Camanà ¡. At the time of its earliest occupation, it was about 7-8 kilometers (4-5 miles) in from the Peruvian coast and today is about 40 meters (130 feet) above sea level. The site was a fishing community, with a Terminal Pleistocene occupation date between about 13,000 and 11,400 calendar years ago (cal BP), based on a large suite of radiocarbon dates. Terminal Pleistocene sites are known in  Andean chronology as Preceramic Period I). The site is one of about 60 sites which have been found along the coast of Peru in this region, but it is the only one containing the Jaguay Phase occupations, and it is the earliest site in the region found to date (as of 2008, Sandweiss). The closest site with the same date is Quebrada Tacahuay, some 230 km (140 miles) to the south. It, like Quebrada Jaguay, is a seasonally-occupied fishing village: and those sites and many others extending from Alaska to Chile support the Pacific Coast Migration Model for the original colonization of the Americas. Chronology Late Preceramic Period, 4000 cal BP, Manos PhaseHiatus, 4000-8000 cal BPEarly Middle Preceramic Period, 8000-10,600 cal BP, Machas PhaseEarly Preceramic Period, 11,400-13,000 cal BP, Jaguay Phase During the Jaguay phase, the site was a seasonally-occupied coastal base camp for hunter-gatherers and fishermen who targeted mostly drum fish (Sciaenae, corvina or sea bass family), wedge clams (Mesodesma donancium), and freshwater and/or marine crustaceans. The occupations apparently were confined to the late winter/early summer months; the rest of the year, the people are believed to have moved inland and hunted terrestrial animals. Based on the size of the fish, the people were net fishing: the Machas phase occupations contain a few specimens of knotted cordage. The only terrestrial animals recovered from the site were small rodents, which were not likely food for the residents. Houses during the Jaguay phase were rectangular, based on the identification of postholes, and contained hearths; the houses were reconstructed several times in the same location but slightly different positions, evidence for seasonal occupations. Food remains and abundant lithic debitage were also recovered, but there were almost no finished tools. Poorly preserved plant remains were restricted to a few prickly pear cactus (Opuntia) seeds. The vast majority of the raw material for the stone tools (lithics) were local, but Alca obsidian identified by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis had been brought from its Pucuncho basin source in the Andean highlands some 130 km (80 mi) away and 3000 m (9800 ft) higher in elevation. Machas Phase The Machas Phase occupation at the site contains neither prickly pear nor obsidian: and during this period there are many more such villages in the region. The Machas phase occupation included several bottle gourd rind fragments; and a single semi-subterranean house, about 5 m (16 ft) in diameter and built with a foundation of mud and stone. It may have been roofed with wood or other organic material; it had a central hearth. The house depression is filled with a shell midden, and the house was also built on top of another shell midden. Archaeological Discovery Quebrada Jaguay was discovered by Frà ©dà ©ric Engel in 1970, as part of his investigations into the preceramic epoch along the coastline. Engel dated charcoal from one of his test pits, which came back to a remarkable 11,800 cal bp, unheard of at the time: in 1970, any site in the Americas older than 11,200 was considered heresy. Excavations were conducted at the site by Daniel Sandweiss in the 1990s, with a team of Peruvian, Canadian and U.S archaeologists. Sources Sandweiss DH. 2008. Early Fishing Societies in Western South America. In: Silverman H, and Isbell W, editors. The Handbook of South American Archaeology: Springer New York. p 145-156. Sandweiss DH, McInnis H, Burger RL, Cano A, Ojeda B, Paredes R, Sandweiss MdC, and Glascock MD. 1998. Quebrada Jaguay: early South American maritime adaptations. Science 281(5384):1830-1832. Sandweiss DH, and Richardson JBI. 2008. Central Andean Environments. In: Silverman H, and Isbell WH, editors. The Handbook of South American Archaeology: Springer New York. p 93-104. Tanner BR. 2001. Lithic Analysis of Chipped Stone Artifacts Recovered from Quebrada Jaguay, Peru. Electronic Theses and Dissertations: University of Maine.